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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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00193_Field_frep110.txt
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1996-12-30
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To have color vision like
ours, we need three and only
three cone types. The
conclusion that we indeed have
just three cone types was first
realized by examining the
peculiarities of human color
vision and then making a set of
deductions that are a credit to
the human intellect.
We are now in a better
position to understand why the
rods do not mediate color. At
intermediate levels of light
intensity, rods and cones can
both be functioning, but except
in rare and artificial
circumstances the nervous
system seems not to subtract rod
influences from cone
influences. The cones are
compared with one another;
the rods work alone. To satisfy
yourself that rods do not
mediate color, get up on a dark
moonlit night and look around.
Although you can see shapes
fairly well, colors are
completely absent. Given the
simplicity of this experiment it
is remarkable how few people
realize that they do without
color vision in dim light.
Whether we see an object as
white or colored depends
primarily (not entirely) on
which of the three cone types
are activated. Color is the
consequence of unequal
stimulation of the three types
of cones. Light with a broad
spectral curve, as from the sun
or a candle, will obviously
stimulate all three kinds of
cones, perhaps about equally,
and the resulting sensation
turns out to be lack of color, or
"white". If we could stimulate
one kind of cone by itself
(something that we cannot
easily do with light because of
the overlap of the absorption
curves), the result, as already
mentioned, would be vivid
color--violet, green, or red,
depending on the cone
stimulated. That the peak
sensitivity of what we call the
"red cone" is at a wavelength
(560 nanometers) that appears
to us greenish-yellow is
probably because light at 560
nanometers excites both the
green-sensitive cone and the
red-sensitive cone, owing to
the overlap in the green- and
red-cone curves. By using
longer wavelength light we can
stimulate the red cone, relative
to the green one, more
effectively.
The graphs to the left sum up
the color sensations that result
when various combinations of
cones are activated by light of
various wavelength
compositions.